From Ceasefire to Structural Siege:“Sri Lanka’s Post-2009 Militarization, Crime of Aggression, and the Enduring Siege on Eelam Tamils”

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 From Ceasefire to Structural Siege:

“Sri Lanka’s Post-2009 Militarization, Crime of Aggression, and the Enduring Siege on Eelam Tamils”

Disclaimer

This report is intended for educational, advocacy, and awareness-raising purposes during Tamil Heritage Month 2026. It does not constitute legal advice, nor does it claim to represent the views of any government, institution, or international body. All information presented is based on publicly available sources, verified documentation, and expert analysis at the time of writing. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, readers are encouraged to consult legal professionals and international bodies for formal proceedings or legal interpretations.

Editor’s Note

This report was compiled to support Tamil diaspora organizations, civil society leaders, and international advocates in their efforts to document and respond to Sri Lanka’s post-2009 militarization and the ongoing Crime of Aggression against Tamils. It is released in observance of Tamil Heritage Month 2026, a time of remembrance, resistance, and renewal. The editorial team recognizes the urgency of preserving Tamil identity, land, and dignity through rigorous documentation and strategic international engagement. We welcome feedback, corrections, and contributions from legal experts, historians, and community stakeholders.

Methodology

The research methodology for this report includes:

  • Source Verification: All reported violations were cross-referenced with credible human rights organizations, legal filings, satellite imagery, and local testimonies where available.
  • Legal Framework Mapping: Relevant articles from International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Human Rights Law (HRL), and the Rome Statute were identified using official UN and ICC documentation.
  • Case Selection Criteria: Violations were selected based on their recurrence, symbolic significance, and potential to demonstrate patterns of aggression under international law.
  • Documentation Review: Reports from UN Special Rapporteurs, treaty body submissions, and civil society shadow reports were analyzed for consistency and legal relevance.
  • Diaspora Consultation: Input was gathered from Tamil diaspora coalitions, legal professionals, and cultural advocates to ensure the report reflects community priorities and lived realities.
  • Citation and Formatting: All sources are cited using academic standards with hyperlinks to official documents, legal texts, and verified reports. Tables and structured formatting are used to enhance accessibility and advocacy utility.

Limitations and Future Research

While this report draws from verified sources and legal frameworks, several limitations must be acknowledged:

  • Restricted Access to Sites: Many affected areas such as Kurunthoormalai and mass grave sites, remain under military control, limiting independent verification and forensic investigation.
  • Data Gaps: Some violations lack comprehensive documentation due to displacement, fear of reprisal, or destruction of evidence.
  • Legal Complexity: The classification of Sri Lanka’s actions as a “Crime of Aggression” under international law is evolving and requires further legal interpretation, especially in the context of non-state territories and post-conflict occupation.
  • Diaspora Fragmentation: Coordination across Tamil diaspora organizations remains uneven, affecting the consistency and reach of documentation efforts.

Future Research Priorities

  • Forensic Mapping of Mass Graves: Partnering with international forensic teams to document and preserve evidence.
  • Legal Precedent Analysis: Comparative study of similar cases (e.g., Crimea, Palestine) to strengthen ICC/ICJ submissions.
  • Youth-Led Documentation Initiatives: Training diaspora youth in digital archiving, legal literacy, and field interviews.
  • Symbolic Resistance and Cultural Mapping: Documenting the erasure and reclamation of Tamil heritage sites through visual storytelling and geospatial tools.

  From Ceasefire to Structural Siege:

The observance of Tamil Heritage Month in January 2026 offers an essential space for critical reflection on the collective memory, rights, and ongoing struggles of Tamil communities in Sri Lanka and across the global diaspora. Amidst celebrations of linguistic and cultural heritage, there is a pressing imperative to raise awareness about the persistent structural violence faced by Eelam Tamils. The period following the 2009 end of the Sri Lankan civil war has been marked by entrenched militarization, accelerated Sinhala Buddhist nationalist colonization, and a systematic project to erase the distinct identity and collective rights of Tamils in their traditional homeland: Tamileelam.

This research report traces the transition from the 2002-2006 ceasefire period-characterized by limited hope for civic normalization, a post-war era defined not by peace but by an engineered “state of siege.” This siege is enacted through direct and indirect means: mass land grabs, destruction and appropriation of Tamil religious sites, enforced demographic transformations, expansion of military infrastructure, and the institutionalization of impunity for egregious human rights violations. Despite repeated calls by international bodies, civil society, and victims’ organizations, these patterns persist, highlighting Sri Lanka’s ongoing commission of international crimes, notably the “Crime of Aggression” under the Rome Statute.

The central contention of this report is that these actions are not isolated or accidental. Rather, they represent the continued, systematic implementation of a unitary Sinhala Buddhist nationalist vision in direct contravention of international humanitarian law (IHL) and norms against aggression. It is thus incumbent upon Tamil political organizations, civil society, and human rights defenders to recognize, document, and advocate for the referral of these ongoing violations to international mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and International Court of Justice (ICJ) via the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).

·        Outlining the historical transition from the 2002 ceasefire to the post-2009 siege, with a focus on the escalation of militarization;

·        Detailing key reported violations and their current status;

·        Analyzing the legal frameworks, including IHL, Humanitarian Law (HL), and the Rome Statute;

·        Unpacking the strategies of state-sponsored colonization and Sinhalisation as tools of aggression;

·        Proposing documentation best practices and a concrete call to action for the Tamil diaspora, civil society, and advocacy professionals.

Tables providing a summary of major violations and an overview of applicable legal provisions are included for clarity and reference. The report draws on a wide range of sources-including investigative news, legal analysis, international guidelines, and policy research, in order to provide a rigorous foundation for advocacy and legal mobilization by Tamil stakeholders.

The ceasefire agreement (CFA) signed in February 2002 between the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), facilitated by international actors, marked a historic pause in a decades-long war. The agreement, incorporating international legal standards, stipulated the cessation of all offensive military operations, withdrawal from schools and places of worship, liberation of civilian spaces, and implementation of confidence-building measures. A Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission, led by Norway and Nordic country representatives, was set up to oversee compliance 1.

Despite the promise, violations by both parties-though heavily concentrated on LTTE abuses during this phase-undermined prospects for sustainable peace. Assassinations, intimidation, and targeted killings continued, ultimately culminating in the collapse of the peace process by 2006, as hardline Sinhala Buddhist nationalist actors rejected power-sharing and self-determination for Tamils. The GoSL shifted policy toward a war-for-peace paradigm, embracing “total victory” as national policy2.

The ensuing years saw a return to full-scale warfare, with escalating brutality in the North and East. Both sides committed grave violations, but the final months of the conflict, especially from January to May 2009, were marked by egregious atrocities committed by state forces: indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas and hospitals, enforced disappearances, summary executions, and denial of humanitarian aid. Estimates of the final death toll among Tamil civilians range from 40,000 (UN) to as high as 170,000 according to Tamil groups 3. Large-scale internal displacement, sexual violence, concentration-camp style internment, and mass disappearances became hallmarks of this period 3.

In the aftermath, while the international community called for accountability, the Sri Lankan state refused meaningful investigations, instead constructing a triumphalist narrative of “war heroes” and national redemption3.

Contrary to narratives of “post-war peace,” the end of open hostilities inaugurated a deepening state project of militarization, occupation, and structural violence in the Tamil homeland. Large swathes of land were expropriated for military use, Sinhala settlements were accelerated, and Tamil cultural and religious sites were systematically appropriated or destroyed. These strategies represent what many analysts and survivors refer to as the post-2009 “structural genocide”-not physical annihilation per se, but the destruction of collective identity through demographic engineering, economic marginalization, and cultural erasure4.

The North and East now remain some of the most heavily militarized regions globally, with a documented one soldier for every two civilians reported in Mullaitivu at the last comprehensive count and military infrastructure embedded in every aspect of civilian life, from schools to temples to farmlands56. Surveillance, arbitrary detention, denial of memorialization, and targeted attacks on journalists and rights defenders persist as daily realities37.

The ongoing “crime of aggression” and breach of international humanitarian law is evidenced by a series of specific, well-documented incidents that exemplify the larger pattern of militarized land appropriation, structural violence, and Sinhalisation.

Below, a table summarizes some of the most critical cases, each of which will be explored and contextualized in subsequent analysis.

Violation / Site

Description & Pattern

Current Status (as of late 2025)

Links

Kurunthoormalai (Mullaitivu)

Seizure of 400+ acres of Tamil land by the Archaeology Dept. for a Buddhist temple; arrest and intimidation of Tamil protesters; construction contrary to local court orders

Land remains under occupation; ongoing construction of Buddhist Vihara with military and state support; multiple court orders ignored; repression of protest continues

[1]

Kuchchaveli (Trincomalee)

Appropriation of ancient Tamil temple lands; transformation of historic sites for Buddhist use; Buddhist monks and STF disrupt minority burial and worship; armed intimidation

Buddhist Vihara constructed with military backing; Tamil and Muslim communities denied access to ancestral lands; legal and physical intimidation ongoing

[18]

Thayiddy (Jaffna) / Tissa Vihara

Illegal construction and expansion of a Buddhist temple on private Tamil land; state (police and army) support; suppression of dissent

Court and district committee rulings ignored by the military; attempts at mediation ongoing; community efforts to reclaim land continue amidst threats

[12][16]

Navatkuli (Jaffna)

State-sponsored Sinhala settlement in a historically Tamil area; establishment of Buddhist vihara; efforts to change demographics

23 Sinhala families remain (out of the initial 57); Buddhist temple active; ongoing tensions over further expansions

 

Mass Graves (Chemmani, Mannar, Mullaitivu, etc.)

Discovery of large-scale clandestine graves of murdered Tamils, some dating to the 1990s and 2009; repeated government failures to investigate, deliberate delays, and missing evidence

Over 126 remains exhumed from Chemmani alone in 2025 investigations; the government's reluctance for international oversight; families and civil society demand a UN-supervised process

[29][3]

Sri Lankan Military Infrastructure Expansion in the North-East

Continuation and expansion of military camps on civilian land, military-run businesses, embedding armed presence in schools, hospitals, and places of worship

Hundreds of camps persist; partial restitution of some lands (piecemeal); chronic militarized control over key resources and spaces

[2][19][26][32]

The Kurunthoormalai area in Mullaitivu is emblematic of the state’s use of archaeology and Buddhist heritage claims as pretexts for aggressive land expropriation. In 2021 and again in 2022, the Archaeology Department (backed by Buddhist monks and the army) initiated claims to over 400 acres of land, including land belonging to Tamil agricultural communities and areas containing Saiva/ Hindu shrines. Court orders explicitly banning new construction on the disputed site were flouted; Tamil villagers and civil society activists protesting the grab were arrested and charged, while the army facilitated ongoing construction on the site 8. Intimidation of landowners and community leaders continues, with reports of state actors threatening the use of force against any interference. The land grab is described by local journalists and UN reports as a deliberate act of “erasure” and “colonization by other means”9.

Kuchchaveli, in the Trincomalee district, tells a parallel story: a historically Tamil and Muslim area, the region has seen intensive deployment of military power and the establishment of Buddhist sites atop destroyed Hindu and Muslim sacred spaces. The “renaming” of Saiva temples, the physical barring of traditional worship, and the occupation of private lands by the Navy and Special Task Force have all been documented by local and international rights monitors410. State and military officials collude with Buddhist monks to “discover” hidden Buddhist sites and justify vast expropriation, while Tamil and Muslim landowners are arrested, legally harassed, and rendered stateless on their own lands.

In Thayiddy, Jaffna, the highly publicized case of Tissa Vihara demonstrates the close partnership between the Sri Lankan police, Buddhist nationalist organizations, and military forces in appropriating Tamil private land for Buddhist religious expansion. Despite substantial documentation of illegal construction and explicit legal challenges to the process, local landowners are sidelined, and the newly inaugurated monastery continues to grow, with full support from national and provincial authorities711. The area has become a flashpoint for organized Sinhala nationalist mobilization, including calls for mass pilgrimage and protective security deployments, which serve to further entrench the occupation.

The Navatkuli settlement scheme highlights the state-orchestrated attempt to re-engineer the demographic status of the Jaffna peninsula. Under the pretext of resettling Sinhalese previously displaced during the war, the government has sponsored the construction of houses, communal infrastructure, and Buddhist places of worship in classic “frontier” style. Tamil politicians and civil society have described the program as “state-sponsored colonization,” contrary to the will of the local population and in direct violation of the post-war rights of internally displaced Tamils12.

The discovery and partial excavation of mass graves-such as Chemmani (Jaffna), Mannar, Mullaitivu, and others-has repeatedly exposed the scale of atrocity and deliberate cover-up committed by state forces. The 2025 exhumations at Chemmani brought international attention: over 126 human remains, including infants, have been documented, with clear evidence of extrajudicial execution and attempts at erasure of evidence. Yet successive governments have stalled, stonewalled, and failed to pursue credible investigation or return remains to families, confirming a pattern of deliberate impunity1314.

The proliferation of military camps, navy outposts, police stations, and surveillance hubs across the North-East is the central pillar of the post-war siege. As of 2025, hundreds of such sites persist-especially in areas of strategic economic, religious, or cultural value. Even in cases where some land has been formally “returned” in the face of international pressure, the process is piecemeal, lacks transparency, and is frequently offset by new appropriations elsewhere156. These actions are enabled by the legal categorization of vast tracts as “high security zones,” “archaeological reserves,” or “wildlife protection areas”-all heavily policed by the military, with Tamil residents excluded.

State-sponsored Sinhalese colonization in the North-East is not a post-war innovation, but rather a long-standing project dating back to independence. Major development schemes have targeted Tamil and Muslim-majority areas-especially around strategic resources (irrigation, ports, key transport corridors)-for demographic engineering and Buddhistization164. This process is legally and administratively facilitated by the Mahaweli Authority, Archaeology Department, Forest and Wildlife Departments, and nationalist foundations, with direct support from the military.

The goal is unambiguous: to break the geographic contiguity of the Tamil homeland, disrupt the possibility of self-governance, and permanently entrench Sinhala Buddhist hegemony in traditionally Tamil-majority areas164. Appropriation is typically accompanied by the construction of Buddhist religious structures (vihara, stupas, “archaeological” sites), which serve as both a territorial claim and a basis for permanent military presence.

Sri Lankan authorities have shrewdly weaponized the language and procedures of archaeology to assert Sinhalese claims over Tamil land, especially in the wake of the war. “Discovery” of ancient Buddhist artifacts is used to justify compulsory acquisition, forcibly removing Tamils from ancestral land for “heritage protection.” This strategy has come under repeated criticism by the UN Special Rapporteur and in reports by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, highlighting how “preservation” narratives serve as a veneer for minority displacement and violence1718.

The expansion of settlements is always paired with the militarization of surrounding areas. New settlements receive protective army and police camps, welfare services delivered by the military, and continuous “civil-military relations” campaigns, normalizing the occupation of civilian space. After 2009, the proportion of Sinhalese in formerly Tamil-majority districts has increased, often through “settlement” of military families and their dependents, the absorption of demobilized soldiers into local “civil” roles, and state construction of infrastructure serving new Sinhala villages-often in direct violation of court orders and local opposition194.

Under Article 8 bis of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the “crime of aggression” means the planning, preparation, initiation, or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which, by its character, gravity, and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the United Nations Charter20.

Acts of aggression include, but are not limited to:

·        Invasion or attack by armed forces, or any military occupation, however temporary
·        Annexation of territory by use of force
·        Bombardment or use of weapons against another state’s territory
·        Blockade of ports or coasts
·        In contravention of agreements, use of armed forces within the territory of another state
·        Using a state’s territory to commit acts of aggression against a third state
·        Sending armed bands, irregulars, or mercenaries for armed action amounting to acts of aggression.

Though Sri Lanka is not a signatory to the Rome Statute, acts of this kind, if committed with sufficient gravity and with manifest violation of international norms, can be referred to the ICC via the UN Security Council (UNSC) or, when there is an impasse at the UNSC, via the UN General Assembly, as recognized in the mechanisms of international law21.

International Humanitarian Law and Humanitarian Law are integral to the legal assessment of Sri Lanka’s post-war and ongoing violations:

·        Geneva Conventions (1949): Binding on Sri Lanka, these conventions prohibit the targeting of civilians, require humane treatment of persons not taking direct part in hostilities, and ban the destruction of civilian property, among others.

·        Customary IHL: Includes prohibitions against collective punishment, forced displacement, and appropriation of property for purposes of ethnic or religious cleansing.

·        Rome Statute Articles:

o   Article 6: Genocide

o   Article 7: Crimes against humanity

o   Article 8: War crimes (including those committed against protected persons and civilian property)

o   Article 8 bis: Crime of Aggression20

o   Articles 12-15: Provisions for jurisdiction, state and UN referrals, and documentation21

Legal Instrument

Provision (Article)

Key Content / Applicability

Hyperlink

Rome Statute ICC

Article 8bis

“Crime of aggression” - see above definition

https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

Rome Statute ICC

Article 6

Genocide

https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

Rome Statute ICC

Article 7

Crimes against humanity

https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

Rome Statute ICC

Article 8

War crimes

https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

Rome Statute ICC

Articles 12-15

ICC jurisdiction, State and UN referral mechanisms

https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law-mpeipro/e3224.013.3224/law-mpeipro-e3224

Geneva Conventions (I-IV)

Common Article 3

Prohibition against violence to life, health, dignity for non-combatants; prohibition of collective punishments, taking of hostages, outrages upon dignity, degrading treatment

https://www.icrc.org/en/document/geneva-conventions-1949-additional-protocols

Hague Regulations

Articles 43-56

Restrictions on military authority in occupied territories; protection of private and religious property

https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/195-200053

Universal Jurisdiction Principles

N/A

Enabling prosecution by other states for crimes against humanity, regardless of where committed

See ICC/ICJ Commentaries

Explanatory paragraphs: The legal framework above provides a basis for pursuing action against individual commanders and policy-makers who plan or direct systematic, large-scale violations-even where a state claims to act under color of “national heritage,” “reconciliation,” or “development.” The documented pattern of refusing to respect court orders, razing cultural sites, fabricating archaeological justifications for land grabs, and engineering demographic transformation meets the threshold for the crime of aggression, as elaborated in recent jurisprudence and UN reports22.

Successful pursuit of accountability depends on systematic, credible, and survivor-centred documentation of violations. Over the last decade, civil society documentation has moved from the periphery to the “heart of international judicial proceedings”-recognized by the ICC’s own guidelines as a key input for triggering and shaping investigations23.

Best practices for documentation include:

·        Secure collection of testimonial, visual, and forensic evidence;

·        Protection of survivors, witnesses, and families from retaliation;

·        Use of international protocols for documenting sexual and gender-based violence, mass graves, and property destruction24;

·        Chain-of-custody procedures for digital and physical evidence;

·        Partnerships with reputable human rights groups and international monitoring organizations;

·        Timely submission of documentation to UN mechanisms, ICC/ICJ prosecutors, and international media to ensure independent review and reduce opportunities for state manipulation.

The documentation process must be guided by survivor consent, dignity, and security, and should strive to frame violations in terms that meet the precise evidentiary standards required under the Rome Statute and IHL.

Given Sri Lanka’s non-signatory status on the Rome Statute and repeated obstruction in the Security Council, referral to the ICC/ICJ through the UNGA remains a viable and necessary strategy. Legal analysis confirms that the General Assembly has previously made referrals (e.g., Myanmar) where the Security Council is paralyzed by veto22.

The pathway includes:

1.        Systematic collation of evidence and a formal dossier documenting the pattern of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity;

2.        Building international alliances-diaspora, human rights defenders, and sympathetic states-to sponsor a referral;

3.        Submission to the UNGA plenary for debate and possible resolution;

4.        Mobilization of public advocacy during key sessions and at the ICC/ICJ itself.

Relevant articles and guidance:

·        Rome Statute, Article 12-15: Mechanisms for State and UN referrals [See above Table 2]

·        Best Practice Guidance for UN-ICC Cooperation:

·        ICC/Eurojust Guidelines for Civil Society Documentation:

·        Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation:

For Tamil Civil Society:

·        Continue to document ongoing violations (land grabs, religious site appropriation, mass graves, harassment, and structural discrimination);

·        Collaborate on coordinated evidence collection and preservation in line with international protocols.

For Political Leaders:

·        Publicly advance the narrative that Sri Lanka’s policies amount to ongoing “structural aggression,” not only human rights violations;

·        Advocate for and facilitate international referral of cases to ICC/ICJ.

For Human Rights Professionals:

·        Provide technical and legal support for survivor-centred documentation projects;

·        Engage with UN mechanisms (Special Rapporteurs, OHCHR) to ensure international oversight at mass grave excavations, property cases, and legal proceedings.

For the Diaspora:

·        Raise awareness of current violations during Tamil Heritage Month and beyond-with events, social media, and educational materials focusing on the continuity of state aggression from 2009 to the present;

·        Lobby international parliaments, fund civil society documentation, and support survivor groups.

Tamil Heritage Month has emerged as a powerful platform for remembrance and resistance. Far from being a time solely for cultural celebration, it is a moment to reaffirm the stakes of justice, collective memory, and international advocacy2526. The Mullivaikkal Declaration of 2025, for example, explicitly links cultural resistance to the ongoing fight against erasure and structural genocide.

By centering the campaign for justice during this period, the Tamil diaspora and allies can:

·        Amplify the narrative of structural aggression and siege, challenging the state’s post-war “peace” myth;

·        Elevate survivor voices, especially those of families of the disappeared and victims of land expropriation and religious erasure;

·        Build global solidarity with other peoples (e.g., Palestinians, Rohingya) confronting crimes of aggression and structural occupation27;

·        Re-affirm the demand for international justice and concrete political solutions-beyond tokenistic “reconciliation”-to the enduring siege on Tamils in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka’s post-2009 militarization and ongoing program of Sinhalisation, land expropriation, and demographic engineering in the North-East constitute not only chronic human rights violations but a manifest “crime of aggression” against the Tamils and their homeland, Tamileelam. These patterns are not relics of the past but are maintained and intensified by the state apparatus, in defiance of local and international legal instruments and despite repeated calls from survivors, human rights institutions, and the diaspora.

The way forward demands a coordinated, professional, and survivor-centred approach to documentation and evidence collection; the pursuit of accountability through international mechanisms (including ICC/ICJ referral via the UNGA); and the mobilization of transnational solidarity during key advocacy moments such as Tamil Heritage Month. Only by confronting the reality of siege, recognizing its legal nature, and demanding justice on the world stage can Tamils hope to end the ongoing-if “softened”-war against their nation and reclaim the rights, recognition, and dignity that have so long been denied.

1. Return to War: Human Rights Under Siege: II. Background. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/srilanka0807/2.htm

12. LankaWeb - BUDDHIST VIHARAS AND EELAM Part 4B.. https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2023/07/23/buddhist-viharas-and-eelam-part-4b/

13. Chemmani mass grave: 135 skeletal remains identified as forensic probe .... https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/chemmani-mass-grave-126-skeletal-remains-exhumed-135-identified-so-far

14. The Story of Chemmani and the Graves That Refuse to Stay Buried. https://groundviews.org/2025/06/30/the-story-of-chemmani-and-the-graves-that-refuse-to-stay-buried/

15. Sri Lanka releases land held by military in North . https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-releases-land-held-by-military-in-north-155792/

18. Sri Lanka: The need to address persistent impunity for violations and .... https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/asa370022011en.pdf

19. State-sponsored Sinhalese colonisation - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Sinhalese_colonisation

20. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

21. Referral by a State Party: International Criminal Court (ICC). https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law-mpeipro/e3224.013.3224/law-mpeipro-e3224

22. UN Security Council Referrals to the ICC and the Principle of Legality. https://www.ejiltalk.org/un-security-council-referrals-to-the-icc-and-the-principle-of-legality/

23. Documenting international crimes and human rights violations for .... https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2022-09/2_Eurojust_ICC_CSOs_Guidelines_2-EN.pdf

24. Ten-Year Revolution . https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/22/2/311/7665827

25. Canadian politicians heap praise on Tamil diaspora as they mark Tamil .... https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/canadian-politicians-heap-praise-tamil-diaspora-they-mark-tamil-heritage-month

26. Tamil Heritage Month: Reflections of the Past, Present and Future of .... https://tamilculture.com/tamil-heritage-month-reflections-of-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-tamil-canadian-identity

2. Collapse of the Peace Treaty in 2002 in Sri Lanka: the role of .... https://peacemuseum.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2023/02/08/collapse-of-the-peace-treaty-in-2002-in-sri-lanka-the-role-of-international-organisations/

3. 15 Years Since Sri Lanka’s Conflict Ended, No Justice for War Crimes. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/14/15-years-sri-lankas-conflict-ended-no-justice-war-crimes

4. Sinhalization of the North-East: Pulmoaddai - Sangam. https://sangam.org/sinhalization-of-the-north-east-pulmoaddai-2/

16. Sinhalization of the North-East - Ilankai Tamil Sangam. https://sangam.org/sinhalization-of-the-north-east/

5. BREAKING - Sri Lankan army camp in Jaffna ordered to disband after .... https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/breaking-sri-lankan-army-camp-jaffna-ordered-disband-after-decades-occupation

6. Sri Lankan Army Still Has Vast Presence In North & East. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lankan-army-still-has-vast-presence-in-north-east/

7. Escalating tensions around Tissa Vihara - Nakkeran. https://nakkeran.com/index.php/2025/06/16/escalating-tensions-around-tissa-vihara/

8. Mullaitivu archaeology protestors released on bail - The Morning. https://www.themorning.lk/mullaitivu-archaeology-protestors-released-on-bail

9. Kurunthurmalai: A classic case of Land grabbing and ... - Uthayan News. https://uthayannews.ca/2022/10/14/kurunthurmalai-a-classic-case-of-land-grabbing-and-lawlessness-in-sri-lanka/

10. Sinhalization of North East - Nakkeran. https://nakkeran.com/index.php/2020/07/20/sinhalization-of-north-east/

11. The struggle for land rights in Thaiyiddi . https://www.themorning.lk/articles/DBSyXT62UvtRYHvQoVeY

17. Documentary Explores Land Grabs in the Name of Buddhism. https://groundviews.org/2025/05/16/documentary-explores-land-grabs-in-the-name-of-buddhism/

27. 35 years on: When Indian ‘Peace Keepers’ became aggressors in Tamil .... https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/35-years-ipkf-withdrew-sri-lanka

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