130 Conflicts: The UN, ICC, and ICJ stand as humanity’s defenders.

From Impunity to Accountability: Protecting human life — Global call to action, March 2026.

⚖️ Disclaimer

This report is intended for educational, advocacy, and public awareness purposes. It synthesizes publicly available data, survivor testimonies, and historical records as of March 07, 2026. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, some figures may vary due to ongoing investigations, inaccessible conflict zones, or evolving legal proceedings. The report does not constitute legal advice or official UN documentation. Readers are encouraged to consult primary sources and institutional updates for verification.

📝 Editor’s Note

This report was compiled by Wimal Navaratnam, an Independent Researcher and Human Rights Defender based in Brampton, Canada. It reflects a commitment to survivor dignity, evidence-based advocacy, and global accountability. The inclusion of Sri Lanka’s unresolved mass graves, Sudan’s famine zones, and Ukraine’s civilian devastation is not merely historical — it is a call to conscience. Every section has been reviewed for factual integrity and ethical framing. The author welcomes constructive engagement and coalition use of this material for justice campaigns.

Executive Summary: The Global Conflict Landscape in 2026

As of March 07, 2026, the world stands at a grim crossroads. The number of active armed conflicts has surged to an unprecedented 130+, spanning every continent and encompassing a spectrum from high-intensity wars to simmering internal strife. The cumulative human toll since 1945 is staggering: tens of millions dead, hundreds of millions displaced, and entire societies scarred by cycles of violence, atrocity, and impunity¹. Despite the lessons of the Second World War and the creation of international justice mechanisms, war has repeatedly failed as a solution to political, ethnic, or economic grievances. Instead, it has entrenched suffering, destroyed futures, and undermined the very fabric of global order.

The current conflict map is marked by major wars from Ukraine and Sudan to Myanmar, Yemen, and the Middle East, alongside a proliferation of internal armed conflicts (NIACs), frozen wars, and tension zones with nuclear escalation risks ². The humanitarian impact is acute: over 117 million forcibly displaced people, including 73.5 million internally displaced and 36.4 million refugees as of mid-2025¹. Civilian casualties, gender-based violence, and the destruction of infrastructure have become defining features of modern warfare, exacerbated by new technologies such as drones and cyber operations ³.

The failure of war as a solution is evident in the persistence and recurrence of conflicts, the deepening of grievances, and the inability of domestic or international actors to deliver sustainable peace or justice. In this context, the United Nations (UN), the International Criminal Court (ICC), and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) represent the last hope for accountability, evidence preservation, and the protection of civilian rights. Yet, these institutions face mounting challenges: political deadlock, selective enforcement, and the erosion of multilateral norms⁴.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the major conflicts since WWII, the root causes and superpower dynamics, the aftermath of the Soviet collapse, global conflict patterns, and the evolving role of international justice. It concludes with an urgent call to action for global reform, justice, and the protection of civilians.

Major Conflicts Since WWII: Death Tolls, Destruction, and Atrocities

Methodology for Death Toll Estimates

Estimating the human cost of war is fraught with challenges: incomplete records, destruction of evidence, differing methodologies, and political manipulation of data. Most reputable sources, such as the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), ACLED, and the UN, provide ranges for death tolls, distinguishing between direct battle-related deaths and indirect deaths from famine, disease, and displacement ⁵. Civilian casualties often far exceed military losses, especially in internal conflicts.

Key Wars and Their Human Toll

· Vietnam War (1955-1975): 1.3-4.2 million dead. The war devastated Indochina, with widespread civilian casualties from bombing, chemical defoliants, and forced displacement.

· Korean War (1950-1953): 2.5-3.5 million dead. Marked by massive civilian losses, destruction of infrastructure, and unresolved division of the Korean Peninsula.

· Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970): 3.04-4.1 million dead, including deaths from famine in Biafra.

· Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989): 1-3 million dead. The conflict triggered waves of refugees and set the stage for decades of instability.

· Bangladesh Liberation War (1971): 0.3-3 million dead. Atrocities included mass killings and sexual violence.

· Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence (1961-1991): 1.75-2 million dead.

· Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005): 1-2 million dead.

· Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): 0.8 million dead.

· Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001): 130,000-140,000 dead, 4 million displaced. Marked by genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass rape⁶.

· Syrian Civil War (2011-2024): 580,000-610,000 dead. The war saw the use of chemical weapons, sieges, and mass displacement ².

· Russo-Ukrainian War (2014-present): 350,000-480,000 dead as of early 2026, with over a million dead or injured since 2022⁷.

· Sudanese Civil War (2023-present): 150,000 dead as of early 2026, with atrocities and famine looming.

· Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009): 80,000-170,000 dead, with the final phase marked by mass atrocities and enforced disappearances ⁸.

2025-2026 Fatality Trends and Recent Hotspots

The past two years have seen a sharp escalation in fatalities in several hotspots:

· Sudan: Over 150,000 dead since April 2023, with widespread atrocities and humanitarian collapse.

· Ukraine: Civilian and military casualties continue to mount, with drone warfare and infrastructure attacks causing new waves of displacement and trauma ⁹.

· Myanmar: The civil war has intensified, with the military junta losing territory but inflicting severe civilian harm.

· Middle East: The Israel-Gaza conflict since October 2023 has resulted in over 85,000 deaths, with the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon and the 2025 Iran-Israel conflict adding thousands more ².

The Sri Lankan Civil War: Final Phase, Atrocities and the Justice Gap

The Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009) remains a paradigmatic case of unresolved atrocity and impunity. The final phase (2008-2009) saw the indiscriminate shelling of civilian "No Fire Zones", mass disappearances, and the deaths of tens of thousands of Tamil civilians. Estimates of the final death toll range from 40,000 (UN Panel) to 170,000 (Tamil sources), with at least 25,000-60,000 forcibly disappeared ⁸.

The Chemmani mass graves and recent discoveries in Mannar and Jaffna have reopened wounds for the Tamil community. Despite the exhumation of hundreds of skeletons, including children and infants, investigations have been marred by delays, lack of resources, and allegations of cover-up. Families of the disappeared continue to demand international oversight and adherence to forensic best practices, as domestic mechanisms have failed to deliver truth or justice¹⁰.

The justice gap is stark: no senior officials have been held accountable for war crimes, and the government's Office of Missing Persons (OMP) is widely seen as ineffective. The UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) have repeatedly called for evidence preservation, international participation, and the adoption of clear exhumation policies.

Root Causes & Superpowers’ Intentions: Structural Drivers and Proxy Dynamics

Structural Causes of Conflict

Colonial Borders and Legacies: The arbitrary borders drawn by colonial powers, especially in Africa and Asia, have left a legacy of ethnic fragmentation, contested identities, and weak state institutions. Post-colonial societies are statistically more prone to civil violence, with ex-British colonies especially vulnerable to ethnic-based conflicts and ex-Spanish colonies to socio-economic violence¹¹.

Ethnic Divisions: Colonial strategies of indirect rule often entrenched ethnic hierarchies, politicizing identity and sowing seeds for future conflict. In the absence of inclusive governance, these divisions have repeatedly erupted into violence, as seen in Nigeria, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, and the Balkans.

Resource Competition: Many wars are fueled by competition over natural resources-oil, minerals, water, and arable land. External actors often exploit these dynamics, supporting proxies to secure access or deny resources to rivals.

Weak Governance: Low levels of economic development, limited political rights, and corruption create persistent grievances and lower the opportunity costs of rebellion. Weak states struggle to maintain law and order, making them vulnerable to insurgency and external manipulation.

Superpowers’ Intentions and Proxy Dynamics

The United States, USSR/Russia, China, and India have played pivotal roles in fueling, prolonging, or attempting to resolve conflicts:

· Cold War Era: The US and USSR engaged in global competition through proxy wars-Vietnam, Afghanistan, Angola, and Latin America-often supporting opposing sides to advance ideological and strategic interests¹².

· Post-Cold War: Proxy dynamics have become more complex, with sponsors backing proxies of all political stripes. The Russo-Ukrainian war, Syrian civil war, and Yemen conflict exemplify the overt support of proxies, escalation to direct intervention, and the use of advanced weaponry.

· China: While historically cautious, China has increased its support for proxies in South Asia and Africa, using economic and military aid to counter US influence and secure resources.

· India: Pursues "strategic autonomy," balancing relations with the US, Russia, and China, while engaging in its own proxy dynamics in South Asia (e.g., support for groups in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan).

Proxy wars allow superpowers to externalize costs, pursue limited objectives, and avoid confrontation, especially where nuclear escalation is a risk. However, they also exacerbate instability, prolong conflicts, and complicate accountability.

Soviet Fall and Aftermath: Ethnic and Regional Conflicts Unleashed

The collapse of the USSR (1989-1991) triggered a wave of ethnic and regional conflicts across Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia:

· Yugoslavia: The breakup of the multi-ethnic federation led to a decade of wars marked by genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass displacement. The Bosnian genocide and Srebrenica massacre remain defining atrocities, with the ICTY prosecuting senior leaders ⁶.

· Chechnya: Two brutal wars (1994-1996, 1999-2009) between Russia and Chechen separatists resulted in up to 230,000 deaths, widespread destruction, and ongoing repression.

· Nagorno-Karabakh: The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh has flared repeatedly, with the most recent escalation in 2020-2023 resulting in thousands of deaths and renewed displacement.

· Sri Lanka: The early 1990s saw an intensification of the armed conflicts (NIAC), as the end of Cold War patronage and shifting regional dynamics emboldened both the government and the LTTE.

The suddenness of political transition, unresolved territorial disputes, and the resurgence of nationalism fueled these conflicts. Russian minorities in the new states became flashpoints for intervention, while weak governance and economic collapse created fertile ground for violence.

Patterns of Global Conflicts & Integrated NIAC List

Defining NIACs (Non-International Armed Conflicts)

A Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC) is defined by the Geneva Conventions as armed conflict occurring within a state, involving government forces and/or organized non-state armed groups, reaching a minimum threshold of intensity and organization¹³. The UCDP and ACLED further classify conflicts by battle-related deaths, duration, and the involvement of external actors.

Global Patterns

Since 1945, the majority of wars have been internal-civil wars, insurgencies, and NIACs, rather than interstate conflicts. These wars are often protracted, recurrent, and marked by high civilian casualties, displacement, and cycles of atrocity.

Integrated NIAC List by Region (Selected Examples)

Region	Conflict/Event Name (Sample)	Duration	Estimated Deaths	Status (2026)
Africa	Second Congo War	1998-2003	3-5.4 million	Resolved, fragile
	Ethiopian Civil War & Tigray War	1974-1991, 2020-22	1.75-2m, 160-600k	Ceasefire, tensions
	Sudanese Civil War	2023-present	150,000+	Active hotspot
	Somali Civil War	1991-present	350,000-1m	Ongoing
	Boko Haram Insurgency (Nigeria)	2009-present	350,000+	Ongoing
Americas	Colombian Conflict	1964-present	450,000+	Ongoing, low-level
	Mexican Drug War	2006-present	350,000-400,000	Ongoing
	Haitian Crisis	2018-present	Tens of thousands	State collapse
Asia	Sri Lankan Civil War	1983-2009	80,000-170,000	Ongoing Structural genocide, unhealed
	Myanmar Conflict	1948-present	230,000+	Active hotspot
	Bangladesh Liberation War	1971	300,000-3m	Resolved
	Philippines Civil Conflict	1968-present	160,000+	Ongoing
Europe/Caucasus	Yugoslav Wars	1991-2001	130,000-140,000	Resolved, fragile
	Chechen Conflict	1994-2009	80,000-230,000	Suppressed
	Russo-Ukrainian War	2014-present	350,000-480,000	Active hotspot
MENA	Syrian Civil War	2011-2024	580,000-610,000	Ceasefire, fragile
	Yemeni Civil War	2014-present	377,000+	Ongoing
	Iraq War/Insurgency	2003-2017	460,000-1m	Resolved, fragile
Oceania	Papua Conflict (Indonesia)	1962-present	100,000-500,000	Ongoing, low-level

Table Notes: This table is a synthesis of UCDP, ACLED, and regional sources¹⁴². For a full, detailed list, see the appendix.

Analysis

The current hotspots-Sudan, Ukraine, Myanmar, Gaza, Haiti-are characterized by high-intensity violence, mass displacement, and regional spillover risks. Many "resolved" conflicts, such as Sri Lanka, remain unhealed, with ongoing grievances, missing persons, and cycles of repression.

Post-WWI vs. Post-WWII Peace Commitments: League of Nations and United Nations

League of Nations: Aspirations and Failures

The League of Nations (1920-1946) was the first global attempt to prevent war through collective security, disarmament, and arbitration. While it achieved some successes in economic stabilization and minority protection, it failed to prevent aggression (e.g., Manchuria, Abyssinia) and lacked enforcement mechanisms. Its inability to act decisively against major powers, combined with the absence of the US and the rise of appeasement, doomed it to irrelevance¹⁵.

United Nations: Structure and Challenges

The United Nations (UN), established in 1945, inherited many of the League's agencies but was designed with stronger enforcement powers, including the Security Council and binding resolutions. The creation of the UN Security Council with five permanent members (P5) and veto power was intended as a safeguard for peace, but has often become a barrier to collective action, especially in cases involving the interests of the P5¹⁶.

The UN's peacekeeping and accountability mechanisms have had mixed results. While the UN has played crucial roles in mediation, humanitarian aid, and transitional justice (e.g., ICTY, ICTR), it has often been paralyzed by vetoes and political divisions. The UNHRC’s Sri Lanka Accountability Project stands out as a model for evidence preservation and international advocacy, even as domestic justice remains elusive.

Significance & Influence of the UN, ICC, and ICJ: Global Justice and Key Cases

The United Nations (UN)

The UN remains the central forum for international diplomacy, humanitarian coordination, and norm-setting. Its agencies-UNHCR, OCHA, OHCHR-provide critical support for refugees, evidence preservation, and human rights monitoring. However, the Security Council's veto power has repeatedly blocked action on mass atrocities, from Syria to Gaza to Sudan¹⁶.

The International Criminal Court (ICC)

The ICC has become the primary venue for prosecuting individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Notable cases include:

· Arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Russian officials for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children and attacks on civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the first such warrant against a P5 leader ⁴.

· Warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Hamas leaders for alleged war crimes in Gaza (2024-2025), highlighting the court's willingness to challenge powerful actors.

· Taliban leaders and other non-state actors have also been indicted for crimes in Afghanistan.

The ICC faces challenges: non-cooperation by major powers, selective enforcement, and accusations of bias. Yet, its actions have made indicted leaders international pariahs, restricting their travel and signalling that impunity is no longer guaranteed.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The ICJ adjudicates disputes between states and issues advisory opinions on international law. Recent cases include:

· Orders to Israel to prevent and reduce harm to civilians in Gaza, though enforcement remains limited¹⁷.

· Cases involving Myanmar (Rohingya genocide), Russia (Ukraine), and others, setting important legal precedents.

Sri Lanka’s Justice Timeline and Evidence Preservation

Despite repeated calls from the UN and OHCHR, Sri Lanka has failed to deliver domestic accountability for war crimes. The OHCHR Sri Lanka Accountability Project has focused on collecting, consolidating, and preserving evidence for future prosecutions, supporting victims and survivors, and developing strategies for international justice. The project’s mandate has been extended through 2027, with a comprehensive report due in September-October 2027.

Evidence preservation is critical: mass graves (Chemmani, Mannar), forensic protocols, and survivor testimonies are being archived in line with international standards, despite government obstruction and resource constraints¹⁸.

Patterns of Global Conflicts: Integrated NIAC List by Region

Below is a synthesized table of major internal conflicts (NIACs) since 1945, categorized by region. This list is not exhaustive but highlights the scale and diversity of post-WWII armed conflicts.

Region	Conflict/Event Name (Sample)	Duration	Estimated Deaths	Status (2026)
Africa	Second Congo War	1998-2003	3-5.4 million	Resolved, fragile
	Ethiopian Civil War & Tigray War	1974-1991, 2020-22	1.75-2m, 160-600k	Ceasefire, tensions
	Sudanese Civil War	2023-present	150,000+	Active hotspot
	Somali Civil War	1991-present	350,000-1m	Ongoing
	Boko Haram Insurgency (Nigeria)	2009-present	350,000+	Ongoing
Americas	Colombian Conflict	1964-present	450,000+	Ongoing, low-level
	Mexican Drug War	2006-present	350,000-400,000	Ongoing
	Haitian Crisis	2018-present	Tens of thousands	State collapse
Asia	Sri Lankan Civil War	1983-2009	80,000-170,000	Resolved, unhealed
	Myanmar Conflict	1948-present	230,000+	Active hotspot
	Bangladesh Liberation War	1971	300,000-3m	Resolved
	Philippines Civil Conflict	1968-present	160,000+	Ongoing
Europe/Caucasus	Yugoslav Wars	1991-2001	130,000-140,000	Resolved, fragile
	Chechen Conflict	1994-2009	80,000-230,000	Suppressed
	Russo-Ukrainian War	2014-present	350,000-480,000	Active hotspot
MENA	Syrian Civil War	2011-2024	580,000-610,000	Ceasefire, fragile
	Yemeni Civil War	2014-present	377,000+	Ongoing
	Iraq War/Insurgency	2003-2017	460,000-1m	Resolved, fragile
Oceania	Papua Conflict (Indonesia)	1962-present	100,000-500,000	Ongoing, low-level

Table Notes: Data compiled from UCDP, ACLED, and regional sources¹⁴².

Humanitarian Impact: Displacement, Refugees, Health, and Social Costs

The humanitarian consequences of war are profound and enduring:

· Displacement: As of mid-2025, 117.3 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide, including 73.5 million internally displaced and 36.4 million refugees. The majority originate from five countries: Venezuela, Syria, Ukraine, Afghanistan, and Sudan ¹.

· Health: Wars devastate health systems, leading to epidemics, malnutrition, and the collapse of basic services. Attacks on hospitals and the use of starvation as a weapon have become common tactics.

· Gendered Impacts: Conflict-related sexual violence has reached unprecedented levels, with over 4,600 survivors documented in 2024 alone-a 25% increase from the previous year. Women and girls constitute the overwhelming majority of victims, but men, boys, and minorities are also targeted. Sexual violence is used as a tactic of war, torture, and repression, with devastating physical and psychological consequences ³.

· Economic Costs: War sites experience an average 30% decline in GDP within five years of conflict onset, with persistent inflation and destruction of capital. Neighbouring countries also suffer economic shocks, especially those with strong trade linkages¹⁹.

· Social Fabric: The trauma of war-loss, displacement, and violence undermines social cohesion, fuels cycles of revenge, and impedes long-term recovery.

Weapons, Technology, and Warfare Trends

Modern warfare is being transformed by new technologies:

· Drones: The use of drones in conflict has increased by 4,000% between 2020 and 2024, with over 19,000 drone attacks recorded in 2024. Drones are used by both state and non-state actors, causing direct civilian harm, psychological terror, and complicating attribution and accountability ⁹.

· Cyber Warfare: State-sponsored cyber operations target critical infrastructure, elections, and information systems, blurring the lines between war and peace.

· Nuclear and Autonomous Systems: The risk of nuclear escalation remains acute in several hotspots (Ukraine, Taiwan Strait, Iran), while the proliferation of autonomous weapons raises new ethical and legal challenges.

Data Sources, Verification, and Methodologies

Reliable conflict data is essential for analysis and accountability. Leading sources include:

· UCDP (Uppsala Conflict Data Program): Provides battle-related deaths, conflict typologies, and georeferenced event data ⁵.

· ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data): Offers real-time data on political violence and protest worldwide²⁰.

· ICRC, UN OCHA, OHCHR: Monitor humanitarian impact, displacement, and human rights violations.

· Forensic Best Practices: The scientific investigation of mass graves requires standardized protocols for excavation, evidence collection, and victim identification, as outlined by the ICRC and international forensic experts¹⁸.

Post-War Justice: Evidence Preservation and Forensic Best Practices

Evidence preservation is critical for future accountability. The investigation of mass graves (e.g., Chemmani, Mannar in Sri Lanka; Srebrenica in Bosnia) requires:

· Systematic excavation and documentation

· International oversight and participation

· Inclusion of families and survivors in the process

· Adherence to international forensic standards

Failures in evidence preservation, delays, lack of resources, or political interference undermine the prospects for justice and reconciliation¹⁸.

Chances for Peace & Urgent Advocacy Pathways

Current Peace Prospects

The prospects for peace in 2026 are mixed. While some conflicts have reached fragile ceasefires (Ethiopia, Syria), others are escalating (Sudan, Ukraine, Myanmar). The UN’s credibility is under strain, with calls for Security Council reform and greater accountability for veto use¹⁶.

UN Reform and Grassroots Movements

· Security Council Reform: There is growing momentum for limiting or abolishing the veto, especially in cases of mass atrocities. The 2022 "veto initiative" has increased scrutiny but not yet delivered substantive change.

· Grassroots and Civil Society: Movements such as the World March for Peace and Non-Violence and local protection networks are mobilizing for disarmament, nonviolence, and civilian protection¹⁷. Women-led organizations and community groups are often first responders and advocates for rights and accountability.

Five-Point Global Call to Action

1. Justice and Accountability: Strengthen international mechanisms (ICC, ICJ, OHCHR) to investigate and prosecute war crimes, regardless of perpetrator status. Support evidence preservation and survivor participation.

2. Civilian Protection: Enforce international humanitarian law, prioritize the protection of civilians, and hold parties accountable for violations, including sexual violence and attacks on infrastructure.

3. UN Reform: Advance Security Council reform to limit the veto in cases of mass atrocities, increase transparency, and empower the General Assembly to act when the Council is deadlocked.

4. Support for Grassroots Movements: Provide funding, protection, and recognition to local and women-led organizations working for peace, justice, and humanitarian relief.

5. Prevention and Early Warning: Invest in conflict prevention, mediation, and early warning systems, addressing root causes such as inequality, exclusion, and resource competition.

Conclusion: The Imperative of Global Justice and Civilian Protection

The human cost of war since 1945 is a testament to the failure of violence as a means of resolving disputes. The persistence of 130+ active conflicts, the scale of displacement, and the recurrence of atrocities demand a fundamental rethinking of global security, justice, and governance.

International justice mechanisms-the UN, ICC, and ICJ-remain the last hope for accountability and the protection of civilian rights. Yet, their effectiveness depends on political will, reform, and the active participation of civil society. The world must move beyond rhetoric to action: ending impunity, protecting the vulnerable, and building sustainable peace.

The time for complacency is over. The protection of civilians, the pursuit of justice, and the prevention of future wars are not optional-they are the moral and practical imperatives of our time. Only through collective action, reform, and unwavering commitment to human rights can we hope to break the cycle of violence and honour the promise of "never again."

In solidarity,

Wimal Navaratnam

Human Rights Advocate | ABC Tamil Oli (ECOSOC)

Email: tamilolicanada@gmail.com

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Comments

AnonymousMarch 8, 2026 at 12:51 PM
Great job. What kind of stances should be taken to overcome the greatest genocide and seek justice for it.. You have also mentioned that sri lankan Tamils are facing a genocide by showing so many countries Excellent revelatiory have been made it is covered everthing. A great job Thank ypu so much.

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War and Human Cost Since WWII: Justice Is the Only Solution